2024年4月5日发(作者：)

2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题

SectionⅠUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowing

thebestword(s)foreach

numberedblankandmark[A],

[B],[C]or[D]

onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

ining

whatitmeanstobe

agoodparentisundoubtedlyvery_1_,particularlysince

childrenresponddifferently

tothesame

,rule-followingchild

mightrespondbettertoadifferent

sortof

parenting

than,_2_,ayoungerone.

_3_,there'sanothersortofparentthat’sabiteasier

to_4_:en

of

everyagebenefit

,

_5_every

parentwouldliketobepatient,

thisis

noeasy_6_.Sometimes

parentsgetexhausted

andfrustratedandareunableto

maintaina_7_

andcomposedstyle

standthis.

You'reonlyhuman,andsometimesyourkidscan_8_nthe

_9_happens:Youloseyourpatienceand

either

screamat

yourkidsorsaysomethingthatwasabit

too_10_hthatyoucould_11_theclockand

've

allbeenthere.

_12_,eventhoughit'scommon,

it'simportanttokeepinmindthatinasinglemoment

of

fatigue,youcansaysomethingtoyourchild

thatyoumay_13_

maynot

only

dodamagetoyourrelationshipwithyourchild

butalso_14_yourchild'sself-esteem.

Ifyouconsistently

loseyour_15_with

yourkids,thenyou

areinadvertently

modelingalack

ofemotional

llbecomingincreasingly

awareofthe_16_of

modelingtolerance

askillthatwillhelp

themall

throughoutlife.

Infact,theabilitytoemotionallyregulateormaintainemotionalcontrol

when

_17_bystress

isoneofthemostimportantofalllife'sskills.

Certainly,it'sincredibly_18_

practical

goalistotry,tothebestofyourability,tobeastolerantandcomposedasyoucanwhen

facedwith_19_omiseyouthis:Asaresultofworking

towardthisgoal,youandyourchildrenwillbenefitand_20_fromstressfulmomentsfeeling

betterphysicallyandemotionally.

1.[A]tedious[B]pleasant[C]instructive[D]tricky

2

2.[A]inaddition

3.[A]Fortunately

4.[A]amuse

5.[A]while

6.[A]

answer

7.[A]tolerant

8.[A]move

9.[A]mysterious

10.[A]boring

11.[A]turnback

12.[A]Overall

13.[A]like

14.[A]raise

15.[A]time

16.[A]nature

17.[A]cheated

18.[A]terrible

19.[A]trying

20.[A]hide

[B]for

example

[B]Occasionally

[B]assist

[B]

because

[B]task

[B]formal

[B]drag

[B]illogical

[B]naive

[B]takeapart

[B]Instead

[B]miss

[B]affect

[B]bond

[B]secret

[B]defeated

[B]hard

[B]changing

[B]emerge

[C]atonce

[C]Accordingly

[C]describe

[C]unless

[C]choice

[C]rigid

[C]push

[C]suspicious

[C]

harsh

[C]setaside

[C]However

[C]believe

[C]justify

[C]race

[C]importance

[C]confused

[C]strange

[C]exciting

[C]withdraw

[D]byaccident

[D]Eventually

[D]train

[D]once

[D]access

[D]

critical

[D]send

[D]inevitable

[D]vague

[D]coverup

[D]Otherwise

[D]regret

[D]reflect

[D]cool

[D]context

[D]confronted

[D]wrong

[D]

surprising

[D]escape

Section

IIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

thequestions

beloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],

[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40

points)

Text1

Ratsandotheranimalsneedtobehighlyattunedtosocial

signalsfromotherssothatcan

outifthisextendstonon-living

beings,LolehQuinnattheUniversity

ofCalifornia,SanDiego,andhercolleaguestested

whetherratscandetectsocialsignalsfromroboticrats.

Theyhousedeightadultratswithtwotypesofroboticrat-onesocialandoneasocial—for

otsratswerequiteminimalist,resemblingachunkierversionofacomputer

3

mousewithwheels-tomove

aroundandcolorfulmarkings.

During

theexperiment,thesocial

robotratfollowedtheliving

ratsaround,playedwith

the

sametoys,andopenedcaged

doorstolettrappedratsescape.

Meanwhile,theasocialrobot

simply

movedforwardsandbackwardsandside

toside.

Next,theresearcherstrappedtherobotsincagesandgavetheratstheopportunitytorelease

thembypressingalever.

Across18trialseach,thelivingratswere52percent

morelikelyonaverage

tosetthesocial

ggeststhattheratsperceivedthesocialrobotasagenuine

yhavebondedmorewith

thesocialrobotbecauseitdisplayedbehaviors

couldleadtotheratsbetterremembering

having

freeditearlier,andwanting

therobottoreturnthe

favourwhen

theygettrapped,saysQuinn.

Thereadinessoftheratstobefriendthesocialrobotwassurprising

givenitsminimal

otwasthesamesizeasaregularratbutresembledasimpleplasticbox

on

wheels."We'dassumedwe'dhavetogiveitamovingheadandtail,facialfeatures,andputa

sceneonittomakeitsmelllikearealrat,butthatwasn'tnecessary,"saysJanetWilesatthe

UniversityofQueenslandinAustralia,whohelpedwiththeresearch.

Thefindingshowshowsensitiveratsaretosocialcues,evenwhentheycomefrombasic

rly,childrentendtotreatrobotsasiftheyare

fellowbeings,evenwhenthey

displayonlysimplesocialsignals."We

humansseemtobefascinatedbyrobots,anditturns

out

otheranimalsaretoo,"says

Wiles.

andhercolleaguesconducted

atesttoseeifrats

can____.

[A]pickupsocialsignals

fromnon-living

rats

[B]distinguishafriendlyratfrom

ahostileone

[C]attainsociable

traitsthroughspecialtraining

[D]sendoutwarningmessagestotheirfellow

dthesocialrobotdoduringtheexperiment?

[A]Itfollowed

thesocialrobot

[B]Itplayedwithsometoys

[C]Itsetthetrappedratsfree

[D]Itmovedaroundalone

ingtoQuinn,theratsreleasedthesocialrobot

becausethey____.

[A]triedtopracticeameansofescape

4

[B]expectedittodothesame

inreturn

[C]wantedtodisplay

theirintelligence

[D]consideredthataninteresting

game

ilesnotesthatrats____.

[A]canrememberother

rat'sfacialfeatures

[B]differentiatesmellsbetter

thansizes

[C]respondmoretocationsthantolooks

[D]can

bescaredbyaplasticboxonwheels

elearnedfromthetextthatrats____.

[A]appeartobeadaptabletonewsurroundings

[B]aremoresocially

activethanotheranimals

[C]behavedifferentlyfromchildrenin

socializing

[D]

aremore

sensitivetosocialcuesthanexpected

Text2

WhyCEOsActuallyDeserveTheirGazillion-DollarSalaries

ByTylerCowen

April11,2019

IDEAS

ChairofEconomics

atGeorgeMasonUniversityandtheauthor

mostrecently

ofBig-Business:AloveLettertoanAmerican

Anti-Hero.

ItisfashionabletodaytobashBig

reisoneissue

onwhichthemany

criticsagree:CEOpay.

WehearthatCEOsarepaid

toomuch(ortoomuchrelativetoworkers),

orthat

theyrigothers'pay,orthattheirpayisinsufficiently

the

morelikelytruthisCEOpayislargely

causedbyintensecompetition.

ItistruethatCEOpayhasgoneup—toponesmaymake300timesthepayoftypical

workersonaverage,andsincethe

mid-1970s,CEOpayforlargepubliclytradedAmerican

corporationshas,byvaryingestimates,goneupbyabout500%.ThetypicalCEOofatop

Americancorporation—fromthe350largestsuchcompanies—nowmakesabout$18.9millona

year.

Whileindividualcasesofoverpaymentdefinitelyexist,ingeneral,thedeterminantsofCEO

,overallCEOcompensationfor

thetopcompaniesrisesprettymuchin|lockstepwiththevalueofthosecompaniesonthestock

5

market.

Thebestmodel

forunderstandingthe

growthofCEOpay,though,

isthatof|limitedCEO

talent

inaworldwherebusinessopportunities

forthetopfirmsaregrowing

orts

ofAmericashighest-earning1%havebeenoneofthemoredynamic

elementsoftheglobal

populartosay,butonereasontheirpayhasgone

up

somuchisthatCEOsreally

haveuppedtheir

gamerelativetomanyotherworkers

y.

Today’sCEO,atleastformajorAmericanfirms,musthavemanymoreskillsthansimply

beingableto

"sthave

agoodsenseoffinancialmarkets

andmaybe

evenhowthecompanyshouldtrade

inthem.

Theyalsoneedbetterpublicrelations

skillsthantheirpredecessors,as

thecostsofevenaminor

slipupcanbesignificant.

Thenthere'sthe

factthatlarge

Americancompaniesaremuchmore

globalizedthaneverbefore,withsupplychainsspreadacross

leadinthatsystemrequiresknowledgethatisfairlymind-boggling.

There

is

yetanothertrend:virtuallyallmajorAmericancompaniesarebecomingtech

companies,businesscompany,forinstance,mayfocusonR&Din

rly,itishardtodoagoodjob

runningtheWaltDisneyCompanyjustbypickinggoodmoviescriptsandcourtingstars;you

alsoneedtobuildafirmcapableofcreating

significantCGlproductsforanimatedmoviesatthe

highestlevelsoftechnicalsophistication

andwithmanyfrontierinnovations

alongtheway.

Ontopofallofthis,majorCEOsstill

havetodothejobtheyhavealways

done—which

includes

motivatingemployees,

servingasaninternal

rolemodelhelpingtodefineandextenda

corporate

culture,understandingtheinternalaccounting,

andpresentingbudgetsandbusiness

plans

to

Osaresomeoftheworld's

mostpotentcreatorsandhavesomeof

theverydeepestskillsofunderstanding.

fthefollowinghascontributedtoCEOpayrise____.

[A]Thegrowthinthenumberofcooperations

[B]Thegeneralpayrisewithabettereconomy

[C]Increasedbusinessopportunitiesfortopfirms

[D]Closecooperationamongleadingeconomics

edwiththeirpredecessors,today'sCEOsarerequiredto____.

[A]fosterastrongersenseofteamwork

[B]financemoreresearchanddevelopment

6

[C]establishcloserties

withtechcompanies

[D]cooperatemoreglobalized

companies

CEOpayhasbeenrisingsincethe1970s

despite____.

[A]continualinternal

opposition

[B]strictcorporategovernance

[C]conservativebusinessstrategies

[D]repeatedgovernancewarnings

Opay

can

bejustified

bythefactthatithelps____.

[A]confirmthestatusofCEOs

[B]motive

insidecandidates

[C]boosttheefficiencyofCEOs

[D]increasecorporatevalue

tsuitabletitleforthistextwould

be____.

[A]CEOsAreNotOverpaid

[B]CEOPay:PastandPresent

[C]CEOs’ChallengesofToday

[D]CEOTraits:NotEasytoDefine

Text3

Madridwashailedas

apublichealthbeaconlastNovemberwhenitrolled

outambitious

restrictionsonthe

mostpolluting

onths

andoneelectiondaylater,

anew

conservative

citycouncilsuspendedenforcement

ofthecleanairzone,afirststeptoward

its

possibledemise.

MayorJoseLuisMartinez-Almeida

madeoppositiontothezoneacentrepiece

ofhis

electioncampaign,

hasnowoverruledthe

city'sdecisiontostoplevyingfines,

hlegalbattlesahead,the

zone'sfuturelooksuncertainatbest.

Amongotherweaknesses,themeasurescitiesmustemploywhenlefttotackledirtyairon

theirownarepoliticallycontentious,'sbecausetheyinevitablyput

thecostsofcleaningtheairontoindividual

drivers-whomustpayfeesorbuybetter

vehicles-ratherthanontothecarmanufacturers

whosecheatingistherealcauseofourtoxic

pollution.

It'snothard

ultra-lowemission

7

zone(Ulez)islikelytobe

a

big

issueinnextyear'smayoral

adiq

Khanwinsand

extendsittothe

NorthandSouthCircularroads

in202Iasheintends,it

issuretosparkintense

opposition

fromthefarlargernumberof

motoristswhowillthenbeaffected.

It'snotthatmeasures

suchasLondon'

officialsareusing

theleversthatareavailabletothemtosafeguardresidents'health

inthe

faceofaseriousthreat.

Thezonesdodeliver

someimprovementstoairquality,

andthe

sciencetellsusthatmeansreal

healthbenefits-fewerheartattacks,strokesandprematurebirths,lesscancer,dementiaand

ntimely

deaths.

Butmayors

andcouncilorscanonlydosomuchaboutaproblem

thatisfarbiggerthanany

areactingbecausenationalgovernments-Britain's

andothersacross

Europe-have

failedtodoso.

Restrictions

thatkeephighlypollutingcarsoutofcertainareas-citycentres,"schoolstreets",

evenindividualroads-arearesponsetotheabsenceofalargereffort

toproperlyenforceexisting

regulas

'redoingeverythingbutinsistthat

manufacturerscleanuptheircars.

fthefollowingistrueaboutMadrid’scleanairzone?

[A]Itseffectsarequestionable.

[B]It

hasbeenopposedbyajudge.

[C]Itsfateisyetto

bedecided.

[D]Itneedstougherenforcement.

32.

Whichisconsideredaweakness

ofthecity-level

measurestotackledirtyair?

[A]Theyarebiased

againstcarmanufacturers.

[B]Theyproveimpracticalforcitycouncils.

[C]Theyare

deemedtoomildforpoliticians.

[D]Theyputtoomuchburdenon

individualmotorists.

horbelieves

thattheextensionofLondon’sUlezwill____.

[A]arousestrongresistance.

[B]ensureKhan’selectoralsuccess.

[C]improvethecity’straffic.

[D]discouragecarmanufacturing.

stheauthorthinkshouldhaveaddressedtheproblem?

8

[A]Localresidents

[B]Mayors.

[C]Councilors.

[D]Nationalgovernments.

beinferredfromthelastparagraphthat

auto

companies____.

[A]will

raiselow-emission

carproduction

[B]should

beforcedtofollowregulations

[C]willupgradethedesignoftheirvehicles

[D]shouldbeputunderpublicsupervision

Text

4

NowthatmembersofGenerationZaregraduatingcollegethisspringthe-most

commonly-accepteddefinitionsaysthisgeneration

wasborn

after

1995,giveortakeayear-the

reabouttohitthestreetslookingfor

workinalabormarketthat’stighterthanit'loyers

areplanningon

hiringabout17percentmorenewgraduatesforjobsintheU.S.

thisyearthanlast,accordingtoa

surveyconductedbytheNationalAssociation

odywantsto

knowhowthepeoplewhowillsooninhabitthoseemptyofficecubicleswilldifferfromthose

whocamebeforethem.

If"entitled"

isthemostcommonadjective,fairly

ornot,

appliedtomillennials(thoseborn

between1981

and1995),thecatchwordsforGeneration

Zare

practicalandcautious.

According

tothecareer

counselorsandexpertswhostudythemGeneration

Zsareclear-eyedeconomic

e

graduatingintothebesteconomyinthepast50

nowwhatan

economictrainwreck

looks

reimpressionablekidsduring

thecrashof2008,when

manyoftheirparentslosttheirjobsortheir

en’tinterestedintaking

mingeconomyseemstohavedonelittletoassuagethis

underlying

generationalsenseofanxiousurgency,eloan

ndat

arecord$l.5trillion,accordingtotheFederalReserve.

OnesurveyfromAccenturefoundthat88percentofgraduatingseniorsthisyearchosetheir

2019surveyofUniversityofGeorgiastudents,meanwhile,the

careerofficefoundthemostdesirabletraitinafutureemployerwastheabilitytooffersecure

employment(followedbyprofessionaldevelopmentandtraining,andtheninspiringpurpose).

Jobsecurityorstabilitywasthesecondmostimportantcareergoal(work-lifebalancewas

9